Last update: Friday, June 23, 2017 (16:48:00)
EX existential pronoun hara ‘this’
N Common noun, singular huma ‘thing’
NS Common noun, plural adamash ‘people’
NPR Proper noun, singular Muusa ‘Musa’
NPRS Proper noun, plural
PRO Personal pronoun iza ‘he/she/it’
PRO$ Possessive pronoun cynan ‘his/her/its’
PRO-OBL Adjectivized pronoun caergarchu ‘from them’
PRO-RFL Reflexive pronoun shaa ‘himself’
PRO-RCP Reciprocal pronoun
ADJ Adjective dika ‘good’
ADJR Comparative adjective dikaxuo ‘better’
ADJN Adjective derived from noun ghaalara ‘from the city’
ADJNP Adjective derived from NPR
ADV Adverb ch’oogha ‘very’
RP Adverbial particle dwa ‘away’, swa 'hither'
RP-MIR Mirative clitic iza-q ‘he-MIR’
D Demonstrative, near hara, i
(D? Demonstrative, remote -)
D-OBL Demonstrative, oblique qechu
D-CMP Demonstrative, comparative cul
DS one another horsh
DS-ERG Substantivized demonstrative qiechaara, qaara
DS-MAT Substantivized demonstrative vovshiex
D+P Demonstrative + postposition cundeela
Q Quantifier hoora 'every'
Q-OBL Quantifier, oblique duqaxjolchu ‘many’
QR Comparative quantifier ?
QS Superlative quantifier ?
NUM Numeral, singular shi’ ‘two’
NUMS Numeral, plural ezarnash ‘thousands’
ADV+NUM Adverbial + number tq’ex ‘about twenty’
NUM-ADJ Adjectivized number pxye’algha ‘fifth’
NUM-OBL Adjectivized number, oblique pxye’alghachu ‘fifth’
WPRO Wh-pronoun hwaan ‘who-ERG’
WADJ Wh-adjective mylxa ‘which’
WADJ-OBL Wh-adjective – oblique mylxachu ‘which’
WADV Wh-adverb muuxa ‘how’, miel ‘how (much)’
VB Infinitive diesha ‘read’
VB-PRP Purpose infinitive diesharhwama
VB+N-NOM Verbal noun (mazdar) dieshar
VB+N-ERG Verbal noun - inflected diesharuo
VB+P Until form diesshalc
Before form diesshalie
As-much-as form diesshal
VBP Present tense dyeshu
VBPS Present subjunctive/desider. dyeshiila,lojla
VBP+P Present conditional - real dieshahw
Present conditional - irrealis dieshahwaara
VBP+ADV Adverbial form of present ma-dyesshu
VBP+CONJ Conjunctive present dyeshii
VBP+WH Question, present tense dyeshii
VBP+C Subordinated present tense dyeshii
VBD-N Past tense on -na dieshna ‘how’
VBD-N+CONJ Conjunctive past tense dieshnii
VBD-R Past tense on –ira diishira
VBD-REM Remote past tense dieshniera
VBDI/VBD-IMP Imperfective past tense dyeshura
VBD+P Past conditional - real dieshniehw
Past conditional - irrealis dieshniehwaara
Past conditional dieshniehw
When past dieshcha
VBD+WH Question past tense dieshnii
VBI Imperative (general) diesha
Very polite imperative dieshahwaara
Polite imperative – singular dieshahwa
Polite imperative – plural dieshash
Insisting imperative dieshal
VBF Future tense dyeshur
VBF-NOM Nominalized future dyeshurg
VAGP Present predicative participle dyeshush
VAGA Present attributive participle dyeshu
VANA Past attributive participle dieshna, dieshnachu…
VANA-ERG Substantivized attributive ptcp dieshnachuo
VANP Past predicative participle dieshna
VAFP Future predicative participle dyeshun
VAFA Future attributive participle dyeshun
AX Infinitive xila ‘happen, be’
AX+N-NOM Verbal noun (mazdar) xilar
AX+N-ERG Verbal noun - inflected xilaruo
AXP Present tense xylu
AXP+P Present conditional xilahw
AXPS Present subjunctive/desider. xylda, xyliila
AXD-N Past tense on -na xilla
AXD-R Past tense on –ira xilira
AXD+P Past conditional xilliehw
AXD+ADV Past ‘just as’ ma-xillara
AXI Imperative xila
AXI+P Until form xillalc
Before form xillalie
As-much-as form xillal
AXF Future tense xir
AXF-NOM Nominalized future form xirg
BEP Present tense du
BEP+P Present conditional delahw
BEP+P Present conditional irrealis delahwaara
BEP+P Present desiderative irrealis delara
BEPS Present subjunctive/desider. -
BED Past tense dara
BAGA Present attributive participle dolu
BAGA-OBL Present attributive ptcp inflected dolchu
BAGA-NOM Substantivized prs. ptcp derg
BAGA-ERG Substantivized prs. Ptcp inflected dolchuo
BAGP Present predicative participle dolush
NEG+BEP Negated present tense daac
NEG+BEP+P Present negated conditional daacahw
NEG+BED Negative past tense daacara
NEG+BAGP Neg. present pred. participle doocush
NEG+BAGA Neg. present attr. Participle doocu
NEG+BAGA-NOM Substantivized neg. prs. Attr. Ptcp doocurg
FP Focus particle a ‘focus’
NEG+FP Negative focus particle ma ‘not’ (in imperatives)
a (when negating something)
NEG Negator ca ‘not’
P Postposition dyezna ‘connected’
PRT Doubt particle tie ‘DOUBT’
Believe particle tiehwa, tiesha
IP-MAT Main clause, matrix clause
IP-SUB finite subordinate clause (under a CP!!!)
IP-IMP Imperatives
IP-INF infinitival clause
IP-INF-(SBJ) clause headed by a “mazdar”
IP-PPL participal clause (past or present)
IP-MAT-SPE Direct speech IP
IP-MAT-QUE Question clause (if there is no evidence for a C)
CP-ADV Adverbial clause
CP-CLF cleft
CP-CMP comparative
CP-DEG degree complement
CP-EXL exclamative
CP-FRL free relative (under an NP usually)
CP-QUE question (direct or indirect)
CP-REL relative clause
NB: the RC is headed by an attributive ptcp.
If ommitted, then an empty category is used.
CP-THT complement clause
NP noun phrase
Structure: [… N]
Functional labels for NPs:
-SBJ subject
-OB1 direct object
-OB2 indirect object
-OB3 locational/directional argument
-POS possessive
-VOC vocative
-LOC locative
-TMP temporal
-COM comitative (‘I cooked the meal _with Mary_’)
-CPL complement
-INS instrumental (I cut _with a knife_)
-PRT partitive
-ADR addressee-directed dative
-MAN manner (‘I said it _in the Chechen language’)
Note: functional labels are ommitted inside conjoined NPs
PP postpositional phrase
Structure: [NP-OB P/ADV]
Functional labels: locative (LOC), temporal (TMP), other (not marked)
ADVP adverbial phrase
Structure: [… ADV]. Should be headed by IP/CP and/or have dependents.
Functional labels: -TMP, -LOC, -DIR.
ADJP adjectival phrase
Structure: only if an ADJ takes a complement or is a part of a predicate,
it heads an ADJP.
Functional labels: -PRD (predicatively used ADJP)
CONJP conjunction phrase
Structure: XP[ … CONJP[ XP[ … ] ] ]
NUMP numeral phrase
Structure: [ NUM ]
Each numeral should be under a NUMP.
Complex numerals are treated as one NUMP: [ NUM … NUM ].
PP Postpositional phrase
QP Quantifier phrase
WADJP wh- adjectival phrase
WADVP wh- adverbial phrase
WNP wh- noun phrase
WPP wh- postpositional phrase
WQP wh- quantifier phrase
*exp* empty expletive subject
*con* empty subject elided under conjunction
*pro* other empty subject
*T*-n trace of relativized constituent
*ICH*-n dislocation (interpret constituent here)
*MPH*-n one morpheme of constituent "n" is interpreted here
-ALL allative
-DAT dative
-ERG ergative
-GEN genitive
-INS instrumental
-LOC locative
-NOM nominative (=absolutive)
-SRC source, ablative
-THR via, through
-MIR mirativity iza-q 'he-MIR'
-ADR addressee directed dative
-INT intensification/focus iza-m 'he-INT'